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<td><span class="page_title"><a name="oid"></a>Introduction to OIDs</span></td> |
</tr> |
<tr><td> |
<p> |
The Object Identifier (OID) concept and implementation dates back to |
the mid-1980s, based on collaboration with the International Federation |
for Information Processing (IFIP) over the previous several years. |
</p> |
<p> |
OIDs provide a persistent identification of objects based on a hierarchical |
structure of Registration Authorities (RA), where each parent has an |
object identifier and allocates object identifiers to child nodes. It |
provides a universal and flexible identification scheme for persistent |
objects. It has been supported and recommended by ITU-T, ISO and IEC, |
and has been used in many ITU-T (and ITU-R) Recommendations, and ISO |
and IEC International Standards, since the middle 1980s, as part of |
the ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One). |
</p> |
<p> |
Almost any organization, Recommendation, or Standard can obtain (if |
it not already has) an OID node. OIDs are fundamental for all security |
work in ITU, ISO and IETF, and are widely used in many standards. |
</p> |
</td></tr> |
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<tr><td> |
<p> |
<img src="images/fl.png" style="width: 10px; height: 8px;" |
width="41" border="0" height="8"> <a href="faq.htm#16"><span style="font-size:11px;"> |
What |
do we call a registration tree (or object identifier tree)? |
</span></a> |
</p> |
<p> |
<img src="images/fl.png" style="width: 10px; height: 8px;" |
width="41" border="0" height="8"> <a href="faq.htm#18"><span style="font-size:11px;"> |
How |
is the entire registration tree managed? |
</span></a> |
</p> |
<p> |
<img src="images/fl.png" style="width: 10px; height: 8px;" width="41" border="0" height="8"> <a href="#" onclick="showdiv('Q3');"><span style="font-size:11px;"> |
Where |
can I learn more about OIDs and registration? |
</span></a> |
</p> |
</td></tr> |
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<tr> |
<span class="section_title"><a name="long-arc"></a>Internationalization and the long arc concept</span> |
</tr> |
</tbody> |
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<tbody> |
<tr><td> |
<p> |
In the early years of 2000, the Object Identifier tree was renamed as |
the International Object Identifier tree, and the names of arcs were |
extended to allow what were called "Unicode labels" - names in any language, |
using the <a href="http://www.unicode.org">Unicode</a> character set |
- and were made available for computer communication alongside the original |
numbers. |
</p> |
<p> |
At the same time, the concept of "long arcs" from the root of the International |
OID tree to a node at level 2 or below was introduced. Long arcs do |
not have numerical values, but provide an unambiguous reference to the |
node from the root using a Unicode label. |
</p> |
<p> |
Use of a path specified purely in terms of the set of Unicode labels |
on the (normal or long) arcs from the root to a node is called an International |
Object Identifier for that node. |
</p> |
<p> |
In order to support names of arcs in multiple languages, an arc can |
have multiple Unicode labels, giving rise to a need to transform a path |
using Unicode labels into a canonical form of purely numerical labels |
to identify the node. This is handled by the OID Resolution System (described |
below). |
</p> |
</td></tr> |
|
<tr><td> |
<img src="images/fl.png" style="width: 10px; height: 8px;" width="41" border="0" height="8"> |
<a href="faq.htm#iri"><span style="font-size:11px;"> |
What |
is an OID-IRI (Internationalized Resource Identifier)? |
</span></a> |
</td></tr> |
|
</tbody> |
</table> |
<br><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> |
<tbody> |
<tr> |
<td><span class="section_title"><a name="use"></a>Use of OIDs</span></td> |
</tr> |
<tr><td> |
<p> |
It is hard to summarize the uses. This OID repository gives an impression |
of the wide-spread use. |
</p> |
<p>Known areas of use include:</p> |
<ul> |
<li> |
Extensive use in security in IETF, Rec. ITU-T X.500, ISO/IEC, RSA |
and NIST encryption algorithms, etc.; |
</li> |
<li> extensive use in e-health standards;</li> |
<li> |
extensive use for network management (Management Information Bases, |
MIBS); |
</li> |
<li>use related to RFID tags;</li> |
<li>emerging use for the Common Alerting Protocol for disaster notification:</li> |
<li>use forcybersecurity alerts. </li> |
</ul> |
</td></tr> |
<tr><td> |
<p> |
<img src="images/fl.png" style="width: 10px; height: 8px;" |
width="41" border="0" height="8"> <a href="faq.htm#2"><span style="font-size:11px;"> |
Which |
kind of objects can be referenced by OIDs? |
</span></a> |
</p> |
<p> |
<img src="images/fl.png" style="width: 10px; height: 8px;" |
width="41" border="0" height="8"> <a href="faq.htm#10"><span style="font-size:11px;"> |
How |
to get an OID assigned? |
</span></a> |
</p> |
</td></tr> |
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</table> |
|
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> |
<tbody> |
<tr> |
<td><span class="section_title"><a name="ors"></a>Introduction to the ORS (OID Resolution System)</span></td> |
</tr> |
</tbody> |
</table> |
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> |
<tbody> |
<tr><td> |
<p> |
Given that there are multiple ways of identifying an International |
Object Identifier tree node by a set of Unicode labels defining the |
path from the root to that node, there was a requirement to be able |
to transform that by an efficient on-line look-up into a canonical form |
consisting of the all-numeric identification of arcs of the path (canonicalization). |
</p> |
<p> |
There was also a requirement for the management of a node to be able |
to store (and applications to retrieve) information associated with |
a node in a flexible way (node information retrieval). This was first |
identified in terms of RFID applications (What is the content of this |
jar of jam? Who is the owner of this piece of hold baggage? etc.) but |
now extends more widely. |
</p> |
<p> |
There was a requirement for both of these look-up activities to be |
fully supported by authentication of the returned result with a trust |
anchor. |
</p> |
<p> |
The OID Resolution System (ORS) was developed from 2004 onwards, and |
allows an application to obtain (online) application-specific information |
related to any node identified by an OID. |
</p> |
<p> |
The ORS enables any one of the OID nodes to be mapped into DNS name |
zone files, and information about it can be obtained by a DNS look-up |
for further application processing. The system was initially designed |
to support RFID tag activity, but also has applications in many other |
application areas. |
</p> |
</td></tr> |
<tr><td> |
<img src="images/fl.png" style="width: 10px; height: 8px;" |
width="41" border="0" height="8"> More |
information in the |
<a href="http://www.itu.int/pub/T-HDB-LNG.4-2010">OID |
handbook</a> (part 6) |
</td></tr> |
</tbody> |
</table> |
<br><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> |
<tbody> |
<tr> |
<td><span class="section_title"><a name="features"></a>Features of the ORS (OID Resolution System)</span></td> |
</tr> |
<tr><td> |
<ul> |
<li> |
<em>Support for the International Object Identifier tree naming scheme</em>: |
Uses Unicode, so all languages can be included in the identification |
of an object.<br><br></li> |
<li> |
<em>Relation to DNS</em>: International OIDs map to DNS names of the |
form <code>zz.yy.xx.oid-res.org</code>. Look-ups are based on DNS zone-file |
information, obtained via DNS port 53 (designed for the return of |
application-specific information).<br><br></li> |
<li> |
<em>Security</em>: DNS servers supporting the mapping from the International |
OID tree are required to support the DNSSEC protocol of the IETF, |
and will return information authenticated using an ITU-T X.500 certificate |
chain and a trust anchor.<br><br></li> |
<li> |
<em>Hierarchical structure</em><strong>:</strong>Any Registration Authority |
that has been allocated a node in the International OID tree can make |
allocations to children (entirely within its own responsibility), |
and can provide (if requested) a pointer from its DNS zone files to |
a server maintained by its child for its own DNS zone files. This |
is entirely a matter between the parent and child, and is not constrained.<br><br></li> |
<li> |
<em>Absence of restrictions</em>: The International OID tree has potentially |
infinitely many children from each node, and an infinite depth of |
the tree. There is also no length restriction on the names used to |
identify arcs (or on the characters used, within Unicode).<br><br></li> |
<li> |
<em>Application data</em>: The ORS can resolve an OID into its canonical |
form, and can return authenticated URLs for access to any application |
information recorded in the zone files for that OID. |
</li> |
</ul> |
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