Subversion Repositories oidinfo_new_design

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					<span class="page_title">Frequently Asked Questions</span>

					<p><a href="/helper"><img src="images/helper.png" alt="OID helper" height="55" width="55" border="0" align="middle"></a> 	Try to ask your question directly to your new <a href="http://www.pandorabots.com/pandora/talk?botid=c6bc63db9e377b4f">OID 	helper</a></p>

					<ol>

						<li>

							<a href="#1">What are the standards that define OIDs and the OID

								tree?</a>

						</li>

						<li><a href="#2">Which kind of objects can be referenced by OIDs?</a></li>

						<li><a href="#3">Where can I learn more about OIDs and their registration?</a></li>

						<li><a href="#4">How to add information to the OID repository?</a></li>

						<li><a href="#modify">How to modify the description of an OID?</a></li>

						<li>

							<a href="#6">How to delete an OID (or move it elsewhere in the OID

								tree)?</a>

						</li>

						<li>

							<a href="#7">How does the OID repository provided on this website

								compare with Harald Alvestrand's repository?</a>

						</li>

						<li><a href="#8">How to reference an OID description in this repository?</a></li>

						<li><a href="#9">How many OIDs are currently described in this repository?</a></li>

						<li><a href="#10">How to get an OID assigned?</a></li>

						<li>

							<a href="#national-RA">What decision needs be taken if a country

								wants a national Registration Authority for OIDs?</a>

						</li>

						<li>

							<a href="#12">Are there guidelines or standards regarding subsequent

								arcs of a country arc?</a>

						</li>

						<li><a href="#13">What is the Internet OID?</a></li>

						<li><a href="#14">Where does the dot notation for OIDs come from?</a></li>

						<li>

							<a href="#15">Why are top-level arcs restricted to three arcs numbered

								<tt>0</tt> to <tt>2</tt>, and why are arcs beneath top-level arcs

								<tt>0</tt> and <tt>1</tt> restricted to fourty arcs numbered <tt>0</tt>

								to <tt>39</tt>?</a>

						</li>

						<li>

							<a href="#16">What do we call a registration tree (or object identifier

								tree)?</a>

						</li>

						<li><a href="#17">What is the ASN.1 notation of an OID?</a></li>

						<li><a href="#management">How is the entire registration tree managed?</a></li>

						<li><a href="#features">Which features are offered by this repository?</a></li>

						<li>

							<a href="#syntax-rules">What are the syntax rules to enter information

								about OIDs through the web interface?</a>

						</li>

						<li>

							<a href="#oid-info">Which information is necessary to apply for

								an OID?</a>

						</li>

						<li>

							<a href="#example">Is there a particular OID that can be used for

								documenting examples of object identifiers?</a>

						</li>

						<li>

							<a href="#registration-authorities">What is the difference between

								the first and current Registration Authorities that appear in the

								description of some OIDs? What is their duty?</a>

						</li>

						<li>

							<a href="#mib">What constraints are imposed to OIDs used in SNMP

								MIBs (Management Information Bases)?</a>

						</li>

						<li>

							<a href="#lookup">Is there a way to look up an OID in the OID repository

								from my web browser?</a>

						</li>

						<li><a href="#leaf">What is a leaf OID? What is a frozen OID?</a></li>

						<li><a href="#orphan">What is an orphan OID?</a></li>

						<li><a href="#iri">What is an OID-IRI (Internationalized Resource Identifier)?</a></li>

						<li><a href="#29">What are the duties of a Registration Authority?</a></li>

						<li><a href="#size-limitations">Are there size limitations for OID encoding?</a></li>

						<li><a href="#31">Are there binary encoders/decoders for OIDs?</a></li>

						<li><a href="#cookies">Does this web site use cookies?</a><br><li><a href="#33">How does this web site protect users' privacy?</a></li>

					</ol><br /></td>

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	<div id="table_answers_in_faq">

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					<span class="page_title">Answers</span>

					<ol>

						<li style="font-weight:bold;">

							<a name="1"></a>What are the standards that define OIDs and the OID tree?

							<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a>

							<a href="#1" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Q1');"></a>

						</li>

						<div id="question" style="display:block; width:auto; height:auto">

							They are defined in the <a href="standards.htm">Recommendation ITU-T

								X.660 | ISO/IEC 9834 series</a>. A new release of the whole series

							has been published in 2008; a new release of <a href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/X.660">Recommendation

								ITU-T X.660 | ISO/IEC 9834-1</a> is planned for 2014 .<br>Binary encodings of OIDs are specified in <a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.690/en">Rec.

								ITU-T X.690 | ISO/IEC 8825-1</a> for the Binary (BER) and Distinguished

							(DER) Encoding rules, in <a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.691/en">Rec.

								ITU-T X.691 | ISO/IEC 8825-2</a> for the Packed Encoding rules (PER).

							An XML encoding of OIDs is specified in <a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.693/en">Rec.

								ITU-T X.693 | ISO/IEC 8825-3</a>. (See also <a href="faq.htm#31">question

								31</a> about binary encoders/decoders for OIDs.)<br><br></div>

						<li style="font-weight:bold;">

							<a name="2"></a>Which kind of objects can be referenced by OIDs?

							<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a>

							<a href="#2" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Q2');"></a>

						</li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							Objects that can typically be identified by an object identifier are

							(non exhaustively):

							<ul>

								<li>

									an <a href="/cgi-bin/display?tree=0.0">ITU-T Recommendation</a>,

									an <a href="/cgi-bin/display?tree=1.0&amp;see=all">ISO International

										Standard</a>;

								</li>

								<li>

									a <a href="country_oids.htm">country</a>, a company, a

									project;

								</li>

								<li>

									a certificate policy specified according to <a href="http://itu.int/ITU-T/X.500">Rec.

										ITU-T X.500</a>;

								</li>

								<li>an encryption algorithm (for example <a href="/get/1.3.14.3.2.26">SHA-1</a>);</li>

								<li>

									<a href="/get/2.27">identification schemes</a> for tag-based

									applications (see <a href="http://itu.int/ITU-T/X.668">Recommendation

										ITU-T X.668 | ISO/IEC 9834-9</a>);

								</li>

								<li>

									e-health data (for example, data from the <a href="/get/2.16.840.1.113883">HL7

										Consortium</a>);

								</li>

								<li>

									Common Alerting Protocol (<a href="/get/0.0.24.1303">CAP</a>)

									emergency messages;

								</li>

								<li>

									an attribute of an ITU-T X.500- or LDAP-based directory to make

									up a <code>DistinguishedName</code>;

								</li>

								<li>

									an ASN.1 module (for example, for the <a href="/get/2.41.0.1">BioAPI

										Interworking Protocol</a>), an ASN.1 type (or abstract syntax);

								</li>

								<li>

									a <a href="/cgi-bin/display?tree=2.1(1,2,3,4,5">set of ASN.1

										encoding rules</a>;

								</li>

								<li>a MIB for SNMP network management;</li>

								<li>

									a managed object class, one of its attributes, a notification

									or even other templates used in the area of network management

									and the GDMO standard (see <a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.722/en">Recommendation

										ITU-T X.722 | ISO/IEC 10165-4</a>);

								</li>

								<li>

									an information object (see <a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.681/en">Recommendation

										ITU-T X.681 | ISO/IEC 8824-2</a>);

								</li>

								<li>the type of some part of an ITU-T X.400 electronic message body;</li>

								<li>a file format;</li>

								<li>

									etc.<br><br></li>

							</ul>

						</div>

						<li style="font-weight:bold;">

							<a name="3"></a>Where can I learn more about OIDs and their registration?<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a>

							<a href="#3" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Q3');"></a>

						</li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							Apart from the <a href="standards.htm">official standards</a> (see

							<a href="faq.htm#1">question 1</a>), OIDs are explained in:

							<ul>

								<li>

									<a href="http://www.itu.int/oth/T0B04000048/en">OID flyer</a>

									from ITU-T Study Group 17;

								</li>

								<li>

									<a href="http://www.itu.int/pub/T-HDB-LNG.4-2010">ITU handbook</a>

									on Object identifiers (OIDs) and their registration authorities;

								</li>

								<li>

									a quick <a href="doc/introduction%20to%20object%20identifiers%20(OIDs).pdf">introduction

										to OIDs</a>, by Olivier Dubuisson;

								</li>

								<li>

									section 10.8 of Olivier Dubuisson's <a href="http://www.oss.com/asn1/dubuisson.html">book

										&quot;ASN.1 - Communication between heterogeneous systems&quot;</a>;

								</li>

								<li>

									John Larmouth's <a href="http://www.oss.com/asn1/larmouth.html">book

										&quot;ASN.1 complete&quot;</a>;

								</li>

								<li>

									a tutorial by John Larmouth entitled "Registration authorities

									for OID components&quot; [<a href="doc/OID-tutorial.htm">html</a>]

									[<a href="doc/OID-tutorial.ppt">ppt</a>];

								</li>

								<li>

									a presentation entitled &quot;<a href="doc/MoU%20presentation%20on%20OIDs.pdf">Identifying

										objects: The ASN.1 approach</a>&quot;;

								</li>

								<li>

									see also <a href="#16">question 16</a>.<br><br></li>

							</ul>

						</div>

						<li style="font-weight:bold;">

							<a name="4"></a>How to add information to the OID repository?	 	 <a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a>

							<a href="#4" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a>

						</li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							There are at least 4 ways of adding a new OID description to

							the repository: <br>a. Enter the OID value in the box under "Add a description for the

							following OID to the database" on the <a href="/">main page</a> and

							click on the "Create" button; a new page will then be displayed with

							some boxes to fill. You can also enter the OID in the following box:<br><form method="post" action="/cgi-bin/manage" enctype="multipart/form-data">

								<input type="hidden" name="action" value="create">

								&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>{</strong>

								<input type="text" name="oid" size="30" value="">

								<strong>}</strong>

								<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Create">

							</form>

							b. Go to the parent OID of the OID that you want to add (i.e. the OID at the immediate upper level in the OID tree) and click

							on the "Create a child OID" link on the top right-hand side of the

							page; a new page will then be displayed with some boxes to fill.<br>c. Go to an OID at the same level as the OID that you want to add (a.k.a. sibling OID)

							and click on the "Create a sibling OID" link on the top right-hand

							side of the page; a new page will then be displayed with some boxes

							to fill.<br>d. If you have a lot of OID descriptions to add, it is more convenient

							to describe them in an XML document that conforms to our <a href="oid.xsd">XML

								Schema for OIDs</a> and <a href="submit.htm">submit</a> this document

							through the web interface. <br><em>

								Note: In all 4 cases, the person (if any) you mention as <a href="#registration-authorities">registrant</a>

								for the OID, and the person (if known) who is the <a href="#registration-authorities">registrant</a>

								for the parent OID are automatically informed by email and can make

								comments on your submission. The description of an OID will not be

								visible until it is validated by the webmaster who is also automatically

								informed by email.

							</em><br><strong><br></strong>

						</div>

						<li style="font-weight:bold;">

							<a name="modify"></a>How to modify the description of an OID?	 	 <a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a>

							<a href="#5" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a>

						</li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							If you want to update an OID that is described in the OID repository,

							please click on the "Modify this OID" hyperlink at the top-right

							of the web page that describes the OID or enter the OID in the following

							box:

							<form method="post" action="/cgi-bin/manage" enctype="multipart/form-data">

								<input type="hidden" name="action" value="modify">

								&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>{</strong>

								<input type="text" name="oid" size="30" value="">

								<strong>}</strong>

								<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Suggest a modification">

							</form>

							<em>

								Note: Your proposed modifications will have to be validated by

								the <a href="#registration-authorities">registrant</a> of the OID

								being modified (if known), the <a href="#registration-authorities">registrant</a>

								of the parent OID (if known) and the OID repository administrator

								(who will all be automatically informed by e-mail) before they get

								published.

							</em><br>If the First or Current Registration Authorities requested privacy

							protection, their postal address, email address and phone number are

							not displayed (but you can receive them by email). In that case, please

							use the "Comments" box at the bottom of the "Suggest

							a modification&quot; web page to describe the changes.<br>If an OID is misplaced in the OID tree and should be moved elsewhere

							in the tree, please use the "Comments" box at the bottom

							of the "Suggest a modification" web page to be displayed

							to explain where (and why) the OID should be moved.<br>You can also mention in the &quot;Comments&quot; box that an OID is

							a <a href="#leaf">leaf</a> in the OID tree (i.e. child OIDs cannot

							be allocated) or is <a href="#leaf">frozen</a> (i.e. no more child

							OIDs can be allocated).<br><br></div>

						<li style="font-weight:bold;">

							<a name="6"></a>How to delete an OID (or move it elsewhere in the OID

							tree)?	 	 <a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a>

							<a href="#6" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a>

						</li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							According to <a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.660/en">Recommendation

								ITU-T X.660 | ISO 9834-1</a>, an OID shall not be deleted once it

							has been allocated by a Registration Authority. However there be the

							case that an OID is decribed in this OID repository but was never

							officially allocated by the Registration Authority for the parent

							OID (or is misplaced in the OID tree). In this case the OID has to

							be deleted from the OID repository (or moved elsewhere). To request

							the deletion (or to propose to move it elsewhere) please click on

							the "Modify this OID" hyperlink at the top-right of the

							web page that describes the OID or enter the OID in the following

							box:

							<form method="post" action="/cgi-bin/manage" enctype="multipart/form-data">

								<input type="hidden" name="action" value="modify">

								&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>{</strong>

								<input type="text" name="oid" size="30" value="">

								<strong>}</strong>

								<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Suggest deletion">

							</form>

							Use the "Comments" box at the bottom of the web page to

							be displayed to explain why the OID should be deleted (or moved elsewhere).

							Your suggestion will have to be validated by the registrant of the

							OID (if known), the registrant of the parent OID (if known) and the

							OID repository administrator (who will all be automatically informed

							by e-mail) before they get published.

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;">

							<a name="7"></a>How does the OID repository provided on this website

							compare with Harald Alvestrand's repository?	 	 <a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a>

							<a href="#7" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a>

						</li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							We get Harald's agreement to dump his repository and merge the data

							into our repository. This was done in June 2003 and our OID repository

							now encompasses <a href="http://www.alvestrand.no/objectid/">Harald's

								registry</a>.

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;">

							<a name="8"></a>How to reference an OID description in this repository?	 	 <a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a>

							<a href="#8" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a>

						</li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							The shortest and easiest means is to append the OID (whether it is

							in ASN.1 notation, dot notation or <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3061.txt">URN

								notation</a>) to the <a href="/get/">http://oid-info.com/get/</a>

							URL, <em>e.g.</em>:

							<ul>

								<li> <a href="/get/2.999">http://oid-info.com/get/2.999</a> (recommended);</li>

								<li>

									<a href="/get/%7Bjoint-iso-itu-t%20example(999)%7D">http://oid-info.com/get/{joint

										iso-itu-t example(999)}</a> (ASN.1 notation);

								</li>

								<li>

									<a href="/get/urn:oid:2.999">http://oid-info.com/get/urn:oid:2.999</a>

									(URN notation);

								</li>

								<li>

									<a href="/get//Joint-ISO-ITU-T/Example">http://oid-info.com/get//Joint-ISO-ITU-T/Example</a>

									or <a href="/get//2/999">http://oid-info.com/get//2/999</a> (OID-IRI

									notation; with a '/' at the beginning of the OID notation, hence

									two '/'s after 'get');

								</li>

								<li>

									<a href="/get//Example">http://oid-info.com/get//Example</a>

									(OID-IRI notation using a long arc; with a '/' at the beginning

									of the OID notation, hence two '/'s after 'get').<br><br></li>

							</ul>

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;">

							<a name="9"></a>How many OIDs are currently described in this repository?	 	 <a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a>

							<a href="#9" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a>

						</li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							There are more than 930 000 OID descriptions stored in our repository

							(see <a href="/cgi-bin/display?action=count_nodes">exact number</a>).

							The repository is well alive and updated as often as necessary; <a href="/cgi-bin/display?action=count_nodes">statistics</a>

							are available about the number of OIDs added to the repository (or

							updated) over the past 12 months. A (non-exhaustive) list of standards

							(and other documents that define OIDs) which have been captured in

							our repository is <a href="captured-standards.htm">available</a>.

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;">

							<a name="10"></a>How to get an OID assigned?	 	 <a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a>

							<a href="#10" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a>

						</li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							The original intention of the <a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.660/en">Recommendation

								ITU-T X.660 | ISO/IEC 9834</a> series was that anyone should be able

							to get an OID if they needed one. There are registration authorities

							from which it is easy and quite cheap (sometimes even free!) to have

							an OID assigned, such as (<em>important note</em>: OIDs have to be requested

							from those registrations authorities because this OID repository is

							<em>not</em> a registration authority):</li>

							<ul>

								<li>

									If you only need an OID for an example in a document, use <code><a href="/get/2.999">{joint-iso-itu-t(2)

											example(999)}</a></code> as explained in <a href="#example">question

										22</a>.

								</li>

								<li>

									<a href="country_oids.htm#agreements">Several countries</a>

									are handling out OIDs (usually after paying a fee decided by the

									national registration authority) under their country arc <a href="/get/2.16"><code>{joint-iso-itu-t(2)

											country(16)}</code></a> and/or <a href="/get/1.2"><code>{iso(1) member-body(2)}</code></a>

									(see <a href="country_codes.htm">correspondence table between

										country codes and OIDs</a>). (Note: If you are representing a country

									and want to nominate a registration authority for your country arc

									under <a href="/get/1.2"><code>{iso(1) member-body(2)}</code></a> or

									<a href="/get/2.16"><code>{joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16)}</code></a>,

									please see <a href="#11">question 11</a> below.)

								</li>

								<li>

									<a href="https://pen.iana.org/pen/PenApplication.page">IANA</a>

									(Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) hands out OIDs for free under

									<a href="/get/1.3.6.1.4.1"><code>{iso(1) identified-organization(3)

											dod(6) internet(1) private(4) enterprise(1)}</code></a>; these OIDs

									are used a lot (but not only) to identify Management Information

									Bases (MIBs) for network management (SNMP).

								</li>

								<li>

									<a href="http://webapp.etsi.org/ASN1ObjectTree/ASN1.asp">ETSI</a>

									(European Telecommunication Standards Institute) hands out OIDs

									under <code><a href="/get/0.4.0.127.0">{itu-t(0) identified-organization(4)

											etsi(0) reserved(127) etsi-identified-organization(0)}</a></code>

									even for non-ETSI-members.

								</li>

								<li>

									Network operators can have an OID assigned by ITU-T under <code><a href="/get/0.3">{itu-t(0)

											network-operator(3)}</a></code>; telecom operators can have an OID

									assigned by their national PTT administration under <code><a href="/get/0.2">{itu-t(0)

											administration(2)}</a></code>.

								</li>

							</ul>

							<ul>

								<li>

									ViaThinkSoft <a href="https://www.viathinksoft.de/freeoid/index.php">freely

										assigns</a> an OID to private persons and developers of freeware,

									shareware or open-source software under <a href="/get/1.3.6.1.4.1.37476.9000"><code>{iso(1)

											identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) private(4) enterprise(1)

											37476 freesub(9000)}</code></a>.

								</li>

								<li>

									Dave Harvey (UK) <a href="http://www.medicalconnections.co.uk/Free_UID">sub-delegate

										ranges of his own OID</a> to anyone who uses a <a href="http://medical.nema.org/">DICOM</a>

									toolkit (communication in medicine).

								</li>

								<li>

									You can <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/ad/obtaining-an-object-identifier-from-microsoft">obtain

										an OID from Microsoft</a> to extend the Active Directory schema.

								</li>

								<li>

									You can <a href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/asn1/uuid.html#UUID%20Generation%20&amp;%20Registration">generate

										a UUID</a> (or use a UUID that you already hold) and append it as

									a subsequent arc of <a href="/get/2.25"><code>{joint-iso-itu-t(2)

											uuid(25)}</code></a> (without registering it because it is guaranteed

									to be globally unique with a high probability) according to

									<a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.667/en">Recommendation

										ITU-T X.667 | ISO/IEC 9834-8</a> (but see <a href="#size-limitations">question

										30 about size limitations of OID encodings</a>).<br><br></li>

							</ul>

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;">

							<a name="national-RA"></a>What decision needs be taken if a country

							wants a national Registration Authority for OIDs?

							<a href="#11" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a>

						</li>

						<div align="right"><a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a></div>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							Country arcs are the subsequent arcs of <a href="/get/1.2"><code>{iso(1)

									member-body(2)}</code></a> and <a href="/get/2.16"><code>{joint-iso-itu-t(2)

									country(16)}</code></a>. The values assigned to country arcs are the

							<a href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm">numerical

								codes</a> (without leading zeros) assigned by the United Nations Statistics

							Division together with the corresponding and the <a href="https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#search">ISO

								3166-1-alpha-2 code</a>. <a href="/get/1.2"><code>{iso(1) member-body(2)}</code></a>

							was deprecated in favour of <a href="/get/2.16"><code>{joint-iso-itu-t(2)

									country(16)}</code></a>, thus countries which have never been operating

							a national Registration Authority (RA) for OIDs are encouraged to

							request an arc under <a href="/get/2.16"><code>{joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16)}</code></a>.

							Countries are discouraged to request an arc under both <a href="/get/1.2"><code>{iso(1)

									member-body(2)}</code></a> and <a href="/get/2.16"><code>{joint-iso-itu-t(2)

									country(16)}</code></a>.<br><a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.660/en">Recommendation ITU-T

								X.660 | ISO/IEC 9834-1</a>, clause A.4.5, specifies that the <a href="http://www.iso.org/iso/about/iso_members.htm">ISO

								National Body</a> of the country and the <a href="http://www.itu.int/GlobalDirectory/search.html">administration

								representing the country in the ITU</a> shall agree together (as a

							national decision) on the organization that will be the RA for their

							country arc. In the case of a country arc under <a href="/get/1.2"><code>{iso(1)

									member-body(2)}</code></a> the decision is only taken by the <a href="http://www.iso.org/iso/about/iso_members.htm">ISO

								National Body</a> of the country. For more detailed information, see

							&quot;<a href="country_oids.htm">Operation of a country Registration

								Authority</a>&quot;.<br>One way to know if your country is already operating an RA for OIDs

							is too check the <a href="country_oids.htm#agreements">known

								country RAs</a>.

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;">

							<a name="12"></a>Are there guidelines or standards regarding subsequent

							arcs of a country arc?	 	 <a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a>

							<a href="#12" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a>

						</li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							Country arcs are the subsequent arcs of <a href="/get/1.2"><code>{iso(1)

									member-body(2)}</code></a> and <a href="/get/2.16"><code>{joint-iso-itu-t(2)

									country(16)}</code></a>.<br>The structure underneath a country arc is a national decision. The

							basic standard is of course <a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.660/en">Recommendation

								ITU-T X.660 | ISO/IEC 9834-1</a>. It might be worth having a look

							at <a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.670/en">Recommendation

								ITU-T X.670</a> "<em>

								Procedures for registration agents operating on

								behalf of organizations to register organization names subordinate

								to country names

							</em>".<br>There is no guidelines besides the fact that any registration authority

							needs to keep records according to the aforementioned standards. A

							good idea is probably to look at <a href="country_oids.htm#agreements">how

								other countries have organized subsequent arcs beneath their country

								arc</a> as well as reading the ITU handbook on &quot;<a href="http://www.itu.int/pub/T-HDB-LNG.4-2010"><em>

									Object

									identifiers (OIDs) and their registration authorities

								</em></a>&quot;.

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="13"></a>What is the Internet OID?<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a><a href="#13" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a></li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							The Internet OID is <code><a href="/get/1.3.6.1">{iso(1) identified-organization(3)

									dod(6) internet(1)}</a></code> or equivalently in dot notation <code><a href="/get/1.3.6.1">1.3.6.1</a></code>.

						</div>

						<li style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="14"></a>Where does the dot notation for OIDs come from?<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a><a href="#14" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a></li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							(<em>from Harald Alvestrand's <a href="http://www.alvestrand.no/objectid/index.html">website</a></em>)<br>The dot notation is an IETF invention. The ASN.1 group thought it

							better to have a notation using spaces and braces, with optional text

							labels, so that <code>1.3.6.1</code> would become something like <code>{iso(1)

								identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)}</code> or <code>{1 3 6

								1}</code> or variants thereof.<br>The IETF folks thought this was somewhat inconvenient, and decided

							to use a space-free notation. This is, among other things, spelled

							out in IETF <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1778.txt">RFC 1778,

								section 2.15</a>, but was in use long before that time. IETF <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2252.txt">RFC

								2252, section 4.1</a>, eliminates the "<code>ds.4.10</code>" form.

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;">

							<a name="15"></a>Why are top-level arcs restricted to three arcs numbered

							<code>0</code> to <code>2</code>, and why are arcs beneath top-level arcs

							<code>0</code> and <code>1</code> restricted to fourty arcs numbered <code>0</code>

							to <code>39</code>?<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a><a href="#15" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a>

						</li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							This enables optimized binary encodings in which all arcs beneath

							top-level arcs <code>0</code> and <code>1</code>, and arcs <code>0</code> to <code>47</code>

							beneath top-level arc <code>2</code> are encoded on a single octet (see

							<a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.690/en">Rec. ITU-T X.690 |

								ISO/IEC 8825-1</a>, clause 8.19). Arcs greater to <code>47</code> benath

							top-level arc <code>2</code> are hence encoded on more than one octet.

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;">

							<a name="16"></a>What do we call a registration tree (or object identifier

							tree)?<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a><a href="#16" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a>

						</li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							In an open and international world such as the one of telecommunications

							and information technologies, you often need to be able to reference

							an "object" (see <a href="#1">question 1</a>) in a unique and universal

							way. The ASN.1 standard defines an object as being "<em>

								a well-defined

								piece of information, definition or specification which requires a

								name in order to identify its use in an instance of communication

							</em>".<br>In general, an object is a class of information (for example, a file

							format), rather than an instance of such a class (for example, an

							individual file). It is thus the class of information (defined by

							some referenceable specification), rather than the piece of information

							itself, that is assigned a place in the tree.<br>The naming structure that has been chosen is a tree structure that

							allows to name objects in a local or international context, without

							beeing limited either by the registration authority, nor by the number

							of objects they can register.

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="17"></a>What is the ASN.1 notation of an OID?<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a><a href="#17" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a></li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							Each OID arc is associated with a mandatory number (used for data

							transfers) and an optional, recommended, identifier (for legibility).

							This is called the NameAndNumberForm in Rec. ITU-T X.680 | ISO/IEC

							8824-1, clause 32.<br>An "identifier" begins with a lower-case letter and is followed by

							letters, digits and hyphens. In <a href="name-forms.htm">some cases</a>,

							the identifier has been standardized and can be used alone (without

							the associated number) in the ASN.1 notation; this is called the <a href="name-forms.htm">NameForm</a>

							in Rec. ITU-T X.680 | ISO/IEC 8824-1, clause 32.<br>The number can only be used alone; this is called the NumberForm in

							Rec. ITU-T X.680 | ISO/IEC 8824-1, clause 32.<br>An object identifier is semantically an ordered list of object identifier

							components (NameAndNumberForm, NumberForm or NameForm). Starting with

							the root of the object identifier tree, each object identifier component

							identifies an arc in the object identifier tree. The last object identifier

							component identifies an arc leading to a vertex to which an object

							has been assigned. It is this object which is identified by the object

							identifier.<br>Example: <code><a href="/cgi-bin/display?oid=2.5.4.49&amp;action=display">{joint-iso-itu-t(2)

									ds(5) attributeType(4) distinguishedName(49)}</a></code> <br>(See also <a href="#14">question 14</a> for the dot notation and <a href="#iri">question

								28</a> about the OID-IRI notation.)

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="management"></a>How is the entire registration tree managed?<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a><a href="#18" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a></li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							The management of the entire registration tree is accomplished by

							a process of delegation of authority. In this process the registration

							authority responsible for a given arc in the registration tree may

							partition that naming-domain. In doing so, it may or may not delegate

							the registration responsibility for the naming-domain formed by each

							partition to a subordinate Registration Authority. The naming of a

							partition does not necessarily imply authority to register objects

							under that partition. This delegation of registration responsibility

							can be applied repeatedly with a subordinate registration authority

							partitioning further the naming domain for which it is responsible

							and delegating responsibility for those partitions to registration

							authorities subordinate to it.<br>The registration authority responsible for a given naming-domain must

							assign a name to the partition of that naming-domain that a given

							sub-authority will manage. The name assigned shall be globally unambiguous,

							and shall be concatenated as a prefix to all names assigned by that

							sub-authority. The repeated application of this process through a

							hierarchy of registration agents ensures the generation of unambiguous

							names.<br>An organization, a standard or an automated facility can be the registration

							authority for more than one partition of a naming-domain (see also

							<a href="faq.htm#national-RA">questions 11 and 12</a> for how country arcs are managed).

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="features"></a>Which features are offered by this repository?<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a><a href="#19" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a></li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							The <a href="display-example.htm">description page</a> for each OID

							offers the ability to:

							<ul type="disc">

								<li>

									have a synthetic <a href="/cgi-bin/display?tree=">graphical

										view</a> of the tree (click on the<img src="images/pm.gif" width="19" height="18">

									and<img src="images/mm.gif" width="19" height="18"> icons to

									fold and unfold arcs);

								</li>

								<li>display the description of another OID (the &quot;Go&quot; button);</li>

								<li>

									use the "remote control" to display the description

									of:

									<ul>

										<li>the parent OID,</li>

										<li> the previous or next sibling OID,</li>

										<li>the very first or very last sibling OID, or</li>

										<li> the first child OID; </li>

									</ul>

								</li>

								<li>

									submit a description of a child OID under the current OID (see

									also <a href="#syntax-rules">question 20</a>): After putting down

									some information (description of the OID, its registrant...),

									the registrant of the OID (if known), the registrant of the parent

									OID (if known) and the OID repository administrator will be automatically

									asked by email to review and validate your submission. Note that

									the description page of the newly created OID will only be available

									after validation;

								</li>

								<li>

									submit a description of a sibling OID at the same level as the

									current OID (see also <a href="#syntax-rules">question 20</a>);

								</li>

								<li>

									propose modifications of the description of the current OID:

									these modifications will have to be validated by the registrant

									of the OID (if known), the registrant of the parent OID (if known)

									and the OID repository administrator (who will all be automatically

									informed by e-mail) before they get published;

								</li>

								<li>

									do a <a href="basic-search.htm">quick search</a> of the entire

									OID repository by searching for a particular string in all attributes;

								</li>

								<li>

									do an <a href="advanced-search.htm">advanced search</a> of the entire

									OID repository by searching for a particular value for each description

									attribute or even by using regular expressions.

								</li>

							</ul>

							Other features are available from the <a href="/">main page</a> of

							the OID repository:

							<ul>

								<li>

									display the <a href="/cgi-bin/display?action=count_nodes">number

										of OIDs</a> in the repository as well as statistics about how

									many OID descriptions were added or modified over the past 12

									months;

								</li>

								<li>

									add the description of a given OID (see also <a href="#syntax-rules">question

										20</a>);

								</li>

								<li>

									<a href="submit.htm">submit</a> many OIDs to the database by

									describing them in an XML file.<br><br></li>

							</ul>

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;">

							<a name="syntax-rules"></a>What are the syntax rules to enter information

							about OIDs through the web interface?<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a><a href="#20" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a>

						</li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							When adding information about an OID into the OID repository, non-ASCII

							characters such as accentuated letters are allowed in most fields

							("Description", "Information", registrant "First

							name", "Last name" and "Address"). The software

							will replace them by their equivalent <a href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html-spec/html-spec_13.html#SEC106">HTML

								code</a>.<br>The following HTML tags are allowed in the &quot;Description&quot;,

							&quot;Information&quot; and &quot;Address&quot; fields: <code>&lt;a&gt;</code>,

							<code>&lt;br/&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;code&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;em&gt;</code>,

							<code>&lt;hr/&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;img&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;li&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;ol&gt;</code>,

							<code>&lt;strong&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;sub&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;sup&gt;</code>

							and <code>&lt;ul&gt;</code>. Use of <code>&lt;br&gt;</code> or <code>&lt;br/&gt;</code>

							is not mandatory to break lines because the software will replace

							by <code>&lt;br/&gt;</code> any newline character that appears in these

							fields.

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;">

							<a name="21"></a>Which information is necessary to apply for

							an OID?<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a><a href="#21" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a>

						</li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							According to clause 8.2 f of <a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.660/en">Recommendation

								ITU-T X.660 | ISO/IEC 9834-1</a>, the registration record for an OID

							shall include at least:<br>a) the definition of the object (when the registration authority of

							the parent OID performs a technical role, it checks that the objet

							can be registered under its node);<br>b) when applicable, the identifier (beginning with a lowercase letter)

							assigned to the object (in addition to the unique number);<br>b) the name and contact information of the organization that proposed

							the entry (usually it is the &quot;<a href="#registration-authorities">First

								registration authority</a>&quot; for the requested OID);<br>c) the dates of submission/registration.

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;">

							<a name="example"></a>Is there a particular OID that can be used for

							documenting examples of object identifiers?<a href="#22" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a>

						</li>

						<div align="right"><a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a></div>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							<a href="/get/2.999">{joint-iso-itu-t(2) example(999)}</a> (or <a href="/get/2.999">2.999</a>)

							can be used by anyone, without any permission, for the purpose of

							documenting examples of object identifiers (in the same way as "example.com"

							is defined in <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2606.html">IETF

								RFC 2606</a> as an example for web sites).

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;">

							<a name="registration-authorities"></a>What is the difference between

							the first and current Registration Authorities that appear in the

							description of some OIDs? What is their duty?<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a><a href="#23" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a>

						</li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							A <em>Registration Authority</em> (RA) is responsible for allocating

							child arcs to the OID for which it manages. It ensures that an integer

							is used once among the subsequent arcs (child OIDs). As much as possible,

							it avoids the same identifier (beginning with a lowercase letter)

							being used for multiple sub-arcs. It also keeps a record of information

							(name of a contact person, postal address, telephone and fax numbers,

							email address, etc.) about the RA for each child OID and delegates

							its duty to each 'child' RA. Such information can be stored in the

							OID repository but it is important to understand that an OID first

							need to be <em>officially</em> allocated by an RA before it can be described

							on this website which is not an official RA, but a <em>repository</em>

							of information about existing OIDs.<br>The <em>first Registration Authority</em> of an OID is the very first

							person or company to whom the OID was allocated by the RA of the superior

							OID. According to the <a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.660/en">Recommendation

								ITU-T X.660 | ISO/IEC 9834-1</a><!-- clause 9.2.f.a --> standard, the first RA can't be changed

							(if the responsibility is transfered to someone else, the information

							is recorded in the "Current Registration Authority" section,

							without changing the &quot;First Registration Authority&quot; section).<br>By default, if the OID has recently been allocated, the Current RA

							is the First RA. So, if you are <a href="#4">entering information

								in the OID repository</a>, please fill only the &quot;First Registration

							Authority" section, and don't copy the same information in the

							&quot;Current Registration Authority&quot; section).<br>When someone or an organization takes over the duty from the First

							RA, the relevant information is indicated in the "Current Registration

							Authority" section without changing the "First Registration

							Authority" section.

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;">

							<a name="mib"></a>What constraints are imposed to OIDs used in SNMP

							MIBs (Management Information Bases)?<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a><a href="#24" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a>

						</li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							The constraints are gathered in sections 4.6.5, 4.6.6, and Appendix

							D of IETF <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4181">RFC 4181</a>

							(updated by <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4841">RFC 4841</a>)

							which makes references to <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2578">RFC

								2578</a>, sections 3.5, 3.6, 5.6, 7.10, and <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3416">RFC

								3416</a>, section 4.1.<br>- According to RFC 2578, section 3.5, all OIDs are limited to 128

							child OIDs.<br>- The last arc of an OID assigned to any object (be it table, row,

							column, or scalar) must not be equal to 0.<br>- In some cases, a final arc 0 is used to translate between SNMPv1

							and SNMPv2 notification parameters as explained in <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2576">RFC

								2576</a>, section 3.<br>One example of a MIB module whose OID assignments follow the recommended

							scheme is the <code>POWER-ETHERNET-MIB</code> defined in <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3621">RFC

								3621</a>.<br>MIBs use a notation like ".2.999" where the leading dot shows that

							this OID is absolute while "2.999" might be considered as a relative

							OID by some tools which would then add a root OID in front of it.

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;">

							<a name="lookup"></a>Is there a way to look up an OID in the OID repository from my web browser?<a href="#25" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a>

						</li>

						<div align="right"><a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a></div>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							- If you're using <img src="images/firefox-icon.png" width="16" height="16" alt="[Firefox Icon]">

							<a href="https://www.mozilla.org/firefox/">Mozilla Firefox</a> or <img src="images/mozilla-icon.png" width="16" height="16" alt="[Mozilla Icon]">

							<a href="https://www.mozilla.org/projects/seamonkey/">Mozilla SeaMonkey</a>

							(formerly known as Mozilla Application Suite) or <img src="images/microsoft_ie7.gif" width="16" height="16" alt="[Mozilla Icon]">

							<a href="http://www.microsoft.com/windows/downloads/ie/getitnow.mspx">Internet

								Explorer 7</a> or <img src="images/google-chrome.ico" width="16" height="16" alt="[Chrome Icon]" border="0">

							<a href="http://www.google.com/chrome/">Google Chrome</a>, an <a href="http://mycroft.mozdev.org/search-engines.html?name=oid+resolver&amp;skipcache=yes">OpenSearch

								Plugin</a> (a.k.a. search engine) allows to display information about

							an OID when an ASN.1, dot, <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3061.txt">URN</a>

							or <a href="#iri">OID-IRI</a> notation is entered in the search bar

							at the top-right.<br><!-- - If you're using <a href="http://www.mozilla.org/products/thunderbird/">Mozilla

								Thunderbird</a>, <img src="images/firefox-icon.png" width="16" height="16" alt="[Firefox Icon]">

							<a href="http://www.mozilla.org/products/firefox/">Mozilla Firefox</a>

							or <img src="images/mozilla-icon.png" width="16" height="16" alt="[Mozilla Icon]">

							<a href="http://www.mozilla.org/projects/seamonkey/">Mozilla SeaMonkey</a>

							(formerly known as Mozilla Application Suite), the <a href="http://dictionarysearch.mozdev.org">DictionarySearch

								add-on</a> is easy to configure so that you can display information

							about an OID by right-clicking on its selection:<br><ul>

								<li>

									install the DictionarySearch extension corresponding to your

									tool from <a href="http://dictionarysearch.mozdev.org">http://dictionarysearch.mozdev.org</a>;

								</li>

								<li>

									in the "Tools" menu of your tool, select the "Extensions"

									item;

								</li>

								<li>

									highlight the line for DictionarySearch, then click on the "Options"

									button;

								</li>

								<li>

									add a new Dictionary with the following information (this will

									display the description of the selected OIDin dot notation; it

									doesn't work well for a selected OID in ASN.1 notation because

									the closing parentheses are removed for whatever reason):<br><em>Text</em>: <code>Search for OID "$"</code><br><em>Access key</em>: <code>O</code><br><em>URL</em>: <code>http://oid-info.com/cgi-bin/display?oid=$&amp;action=display</code>

								</li>

								<li>

									This other new "Dictionary" may also be useful (it

									will display a tree for the selected OID in dot notation):<br><em>Text</em>: <code>Display tree for OID "$"</code><br><em>Access key</em>: <code>T</code><br><em>URL</em>: <code>http://oid-info.com/cgi-bin/display?oid=$&action=tree</code>

								</li>

							</ul>

							- If you're using <img src="images/firefox-icon.png" width="16" height="16" alt="[Firefox Icon]">

							<a href="https://www.mozilla.org/firefox/">Mozilla Firefox</a>, the

							<a href="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/1940">&quot;URN

								Support&quot; add-on</a> from <a href="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/user/9480">SHIMODA

								Hiroshi</a> redirects a <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3061.txt">URN</a>

							of the form urn:oid:x.y.z to the description of this OID in this OID

							repository. Note: This add-on is not compatible with the "OID

							resolver&quot; add-on mentioned in the first bullet above.<br>- See also <a href="#8">question 8</a>.-->

							See also <a href="#8">question 8</a>.<br></div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="leaf"></a>What is a leaf OID? What is a frozen OID?<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a><a href="#26" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a></li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							These are not standardized concepts. In case an OID is a <em>leaf</em>

							in the OID repository, no child OIDs can be allocated under that OID.

							In case an OID is <em>frozen</em> in the OID repository, no more child

							OIDs can be created in addition to the existing ones. In both cases,

							the system does not accept the creation of child OIDs. The status

							is also mentioned on the web page that describes an OID (see example

							for a <a href="/get/0.0.2">leaf OID</a> and for a <a href="/get/2.25">frozen

								OID</a>).<br>To report that an OID is a leaf or is frozen, please <a href="#modify">suggest

								a modification</a> for this OID and use the &quot;Comments&quot; box

							at the bottom.

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="orphan"></a>What is an orphan OID?<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a><a href="#27" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a></li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							This is not a standardized concept but this term is used to qualify

							an OID that is described in the OID repository, but some of its parent

							OIDs are not described in the OID repository. This does not mean that

							these unknown parent OIDs do not exist (actually they do exist because

							an OID can only be allocated by the Registration Authority of its

							parent OID). However the user who submitted the description of this

							OID has no knowledge of how to describe these parent OIDs.<br><!-- This is useful in cases such as:<br>- you have found the description of an OID somewhere on the web or

							in a document, but you don't know how to describe all arcs along the

							path;<br>- you have a bunch of OIDs to submit to the OID repository, so you

							can submit them in any order because there is no obligation to submit

							the parent OID first.<br>-->

							Orphan OIDs are not visible when one

							<a href="/cgi-bin/display?tree=">walks down the OID tree</a>. However,

							they are <a href="display-example.htm">displayed</a> when one asks

							for the description of a particular OID. <em>Orphan grandchild OIDs</em>

							(<em>i.e.</em>, OIDs for which we have a description as well as a description

							of their grandparent OID, but no description of their parent OID)

							are accessible from the <a href="display-example.htm">description

								page</a> of their grandparent OID.

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="iri"></a>What is an OID-IRI (Internationalized Resource Identifier)?<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a><a href="#28" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a></li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							Historically, OIDs could only be denoted in <a href="#14">dot notation</a>

							(<em>e.g.</em>, <code>2.27</code>) or in <a href="#17">ASN.1 notation</a>

							(<em>e.g.</em>, <code>{joint-iso-itu-t(2) tag-based(27)}</code>) where only

							ASCII identifiers are allowed. The need was identified for a human-friendly

							notation which would not be limited to latin alphabets and would encompass

							the diversity of <a href="http://www.unicode.org">Unicode alphabets</a>.<br>An OID-IRI (a.k.a. international OID) is a string of slash-separated

							Unicode labels from the root of the OID tree, which unambiguously

							identifies a node in the OID tree (e.g., &quot;<a href="/get//Joint-ISO-ITU-T/Example"><code>/Joint-ISO-ITU-T/Example</code></a>&quot;).<br>A Unicode label is a case-sensitive string of Unicode characters (except

							the <code>SPACE</code> character). Just as an OID node can have multiple

							identifiers in ASN.1 notation, it can have multiple Unicode labels

							(this allows backwards-compatibility when a company changes its name,

							for example). Each OID node has a default Unicode label which is its

							number (<em>e.g.</em>, &quot;<a href="/get//2/999"><code>/2/999</code></a>&quot;).<br>A <em>long arc</em> is a particular kind of Unicode label which identifies

							an OID that is not immediately beneath the root of the OID tree, <em>e.g.</em>,

							OID <code>{joint-iso-itu-t(2) example(999)}</code> has a long arc named

							&quot;<code>Example</code>&quot; which allows to build the OID-IRI &quot;<code><a href="/get//Example">/Example</a></code>&quot;

							which is shorter than the OID-IRI &quot;<code><a href="/get//Joint-ISO-ITU-T/Example">/Joint-ISO-ITU-T/Example</a></code>&quot;.

							Long arcs are only allowed under the <code>joint-iso-itu-t(2)</code> top-level

							arc (see the <a href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/com17/oid-registers.html">register

								of long arcs</a>.<br>The <a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.680/en">ASN.1 standard</a>

							specifies an <code>OID-IRI</code> type for exchanging OID-IRI values between

							machines.

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="29"></a>What are the duties of a Registration Authority?<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a><a href="#29" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a></li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							Guidance is given in sections 8.2 (Operation), 9 (registration procedures)

							and 11 (recommended fee structure) of <a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.660/en">Recommendation

								ITU-T X.660 | ISO/IEC 9834-1</a>.

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="size-limitations"></a>Are there size limitations for OID encoding?<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a><a href="#30" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a></li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							The <a href="standards.htm">OID standards</a> have no limit whatsoever

							about the depth of an OID in the OID tree (i.e., number of arcs) and

							the size of the integer associated to each OID arc. However, some

							tools may have size limitations (or bugs):<br>- The <a href="https://lapo.it/asn1js/">ASN.1 JavaScript decoder at

								lapo.it</a>, <a href="http://www.bouncycastle.org">Bouncy Castle Crypto

								APIs</a>, OpenSSL (0.9.8o, 1 Jun 2010) and the built-in Java class

							"<code>org.ietf.jgss.Oid</code>" can handle <a href="/get/2.25">UUIDs

								used as OIDs</a>.<br>- Windows CryptoAPI Shell Extension (tested with Windows XP and Windows

							7) cannot handle <a href="/get/2.25">UUIDs used as OIDs</a>: The maximum

							useable OID value in Windows is 2<sup>64</sup>-1 (e.g., <code>2.999.18446744073709551615</code>).

							Windows will show whitespace when any higher value occurs.<br>- Mozilla software cannot handle <a href="/get/2.25">UUIDs used as

								OIDs</a>: The maximum useable OID value in Mozilla software is 2<sup>32</sup>-1

							(e.g., <code>2.999.4294967295</code>). The program will show "Unknown"

							when an arc contains a higher value (e.g., <code>{2 999 Unknown 0}</code>).

							<br>- Mac OS X cannot handle OIDs over 2.47 (it wrongly decodes OIDs which

							need more than one octet in the first two arcs). <br>More details can be found in <a href="http://www.viathinksoft.de/~daniel-marschall/asn.1/oid_facts.html">Daniel

								Marschall's study about OID encoding and size limitations</a>. Daniel's

							<a href="https://www.viathinksoft.de/%7Edaniel-marschall/asn.1/oid-converter/online.php">DER

								encoder</a> can also help you in your testing.

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="31"></a>Are there binary encoders/decoders for OIDs?<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a><a href="#31" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a></li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							See for example (non-exhaustive list):<strong><br></strong>- OSS Nokalva's online <a href="https://asn1.io/asn1playground/">ASN.1

								playground</a> encodes/decodes OIDs in any encoding rule (BER, DER,

							PER, UPER, XER) with the following schema:<br><code>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;OID-Module DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;OID ::= OBJECT IDENTIFIER<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;END</code><br>&nbsp;&nbsp;The OID is provided in ASN.1 notation in the &quot;Data:

							Encode&quot; box as follows:<br><code>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;oid OID ::= {2 999}</code><br>- Daniel Marschall's online <a href="https://www.viathinksoft.de/%7Edaniel-marschall/asn.1/oid-converter/online.php">DER encoder/decoder</a> (for PHP and C);<br>- <a href="http://bouncycastle.org">The Legion of the Bouncy Castle</a>'s

							API for Java and C#;<br>- <a href="http://wireshark.org">Wireshark</a>'s subtool for ASN.1;<br>- Etc.

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="32"></a><a name="cookies"></a>Does this web site use cookies?<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a><a href="#32" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a></li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							Only those users who have submitted information on OIDs (creation of a new OID or proposed modifications to an 			existing OID) have a unique cookie placed on their machine with their first name, last name and email address, so 			that the "submitter" section is automatically filled for them the next time they submit information.

							The <a href="/helper">OID helper</a> chatbot is hosted by <a href="http://pandorabots.com/botmaster/en/~121e02c2b4d4270afe6afac6~/faq">Pandorabots</a> which normally tracks individual conversations by placing a cookie on your browser, in order to offer contextual answers to your questions. However, if you browser is not setup to accept cookies, an alternative mechanism is used through a hidden variable in the HTML form. <br>This web site relies on Google Analytics, a tool from Google Inc.,

							that uses cookies in the form of textual data relative to your use

							of Internet (including your IP address). This data is <a href="https://support.google.com/analytics/topic/2919631?hl=en&amp;ref_topic=1008008">anonymously

								saved</a> on servers from Google Inc. located in the United States

							of America. Users who don't want their data collected with Google

							Analytics can install the <a href="https://support.google.com/analytics/answer/181881?hl=en">Google

								Analytics opt-out browser add-on</a>.

						</div>

						<br><li style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="33"></a><a name="privacy"></a>How does this web site protect users' privacy?<a href="#top"><img src="images/page_top_fleche.jpg" width="27" height="17" border="0"></a><a href="#32" onclick="javascript: switchInfoPerso('Question');"></a></li>

						<div id="question" style="width:auto; height:auto">

							The purpose of this section (updated on 24 Jan 2019) is to inform

							you about the way your personal data is handled on this web site.

							By providing your personal data to this web site, you acknowledge

							and consent to the collection, use and disclosure of your personal

							data for a legitimate interest as explained hereunder. This web site

							never sells, leases or rents your personal data.<br>Only users who have submitted information on OIDs (description of

							a new OID or proposed modifications to an existing OID) have personal

							data stored in the OID repository database. The only reason to keep

							such information is to inform them when the OID description is validated

							or modified by the OID repository administrator, or when modifications

							are suggested by another user (see also <a href="#cookies">question

								32 about cookies</a>). This information is not publicly disclosed

							on the web site. (Note, however, that it may be sent by email to the

							<a href="#registration-authorities">(current or first) registration

								authority</a> of the OID and of its parent OID, when they are known).<br>Only those users who are the contact of a <a href="#registration-authorities">(current

								or first) registration authority</a> for an OID and have not ticked

							the box &quot;<i>

								Protect the privacy of the Registration Authority

								by not displaying the contact information on the web site

							</i>&quot;

							have their personal data (email address, postal address, phone number)

							publicly visible on the web site. (Note, however, that even when the

							&quot;privacy&quot; box is ticked, any user of this web site can <a href="/cgi-bin/manage?a=get-info">receive

								by email a copy of such data</a> so as to be able to contact the registration

							authority of an OID; such requests are recorded). These users are

							automatically notified by email when information about them is entered

							and can request deletion of such data.<br>In some cases, your personal data appears in the OID repository because

							it is publicly available on another web site (e.g., <a href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/enterprise-numbers/enterprise-numbers">IANA

								enterprise numbers</a>).<br>To check if personal data related to you appears in the OID repository,

							please use the <a href="advanced-search.htm">advanced search</a>. You can

							also <a href="/cgi-bin/manage?a=get-personal-data">get a copy</a>

							of all personal data appearing in the OID repository. In any case,

							your personal data is never used for sending any kind of publicity

							to you.<br>A log of all modifications made to an OID is also kept (hence your

							personal data may appear in that log) but it is not public and would

							only be used by the OID repository administrator to explain or undo

							changes if needed.<br>For any other question related to data protection or to request the

							rectification or erasure of your personal data, you can <a href="/oid-helper">contact

								the webmaster</a>. Repetitive, disproportionate or impracticable requests

							may be rejected.

						</div>

						<br /></ol>

				</td>

			</tr>

		</table>

	</div>

	<div class="clear"></div>

</div>